EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY 2

                                                                      Lesson 1     

A Review of Educational Technology I

Summary

           

            The Educational Technology I (ET-I) has paved the learner to become aware, appreciative and equipped to use educational technology tools ranging from traditional to modern educational media.

            The learner was oriented towards averting the dangers of dehumanization.

4 Phases of Application of Educational Technology

a.       Setting of learning objectives

b.      Designing specific learning

c.       Evaluating the effectiveness of the learning experiences vis-à-vis the learning objectives

d.      Revision as needed of the whole teaching-learning process, or elements for further improvement of future instructional activities.

Educational Technology I refined the distinction between educational technology and other concepts

Educational Technology I served:

-      To orient the learner to the pervasiveness of educational technology in society.

-      To lend familiarization on how educational technology can be utilized as media.

-      To uplift human learning through the use of learning technology.

-      To impart skills in planning, designing, using and evaluating the technology-enriched teaching-learning process.

-      To acquaint learners on basic aspects of community education, functions of the school media center.

-      To introduce the learner to what is recognized as the third revolution in education, the computer.

 Reaction: These technologies supports in many ways, in school it serves as instructional aids especially in making the teaching and learning more enjoyable and interesting.

            It is a big help in us to expose in these different technologies. But more likely there are disadvantages and negative part in using these new technologies.

                                                                        Lesson 2

An Overview: Educational Technology 2

Summary

            Educational Technology is concerned with “Integrating Technology into Teaching and Learning”.

            It’s focused on introducing, reinforcing, supplementing and extending the knowledge and skills to learners.

            This course intends to help our target learners to weave technology in teaching with computer programmed learning materials.

            Educational Technology will involve a deeper understanding of the computer as well as hands-on application of computer skills.

            The course is primarily directed at enhancing teaching-in-learning through technology integration. Helping them to meet and adapt to rapid and continuing technological changes. The course can be used to improve not only instruction but the school, management program and curriculum.

Objectives

1.      To provide education in the use of technology in instruction

2.      To impart learning experiences in instructional technology supported instructional planning.

3.      To acquaint student on information Technology

4.      To learn to use and evaluate computer-based educational resources

5.      To engage learners on practical technology integration

6.      To inculcate higher-level thinking and creativity among

 Reaction

            Integration of new technologies makes our life easier and convenient, but the fact that of course we must aware that not all of us is capable of these different technologies we have, especially to those who are in islands and mountain areas. They still experience in getting access to internet and of using new technologies.

                                                                        Lesson 3

Understanding Technology Learners

Summary

            The new generation of the 21^st millennium is not the kind of learner that they were, but are information technology or digital learners.

            The new learners spend much time talking with friends on their cellphones, sending text messages, interacting through social networking media like the Facebook, playing videogames and surfing the World Wide Web.

Scientist says:

Ø  There are positive benefits derived from the use of information technology or digital resources and these counterbalance possible negative effects of technology on children.

Ø  Daily exposure to high technology-personal computers, video games gadgets, cell phones. Internet stimulates the brain by strengthening and creating neural circuits.

Ø  A current technology revolution is creating an intellectual revolution, faster and better than ever before.

The young generation taking on multi-tasking as they performtasks simultaneously, research shows that multi-tasking can be detrimental since this prevents concentration and the completion of specific tasks.

Multitasking characterizes professional work in the new world of information technology. The need therefore to balance the good and the possibly detrimental changes observe among learners of this information technology.

Reaction:

           We must not only understand the learners but also they must understand also the part of the teacher, and of the using of these different technologies. We must put to our mind that every individual are not the same. We must give concerns not only to one side but also all side that concerns. In the world we are living now, only those who are capable of and equipped with the knowledge is capable of using these technologies, so we must give and pay attention with these new technologies.

                                                                     Lesson 4

Bridging the Generation Gap

Summary

            The older generation often feels there is a generation gap between them and the younger generation. Like the manner of dressing, socializing, more intimate relationships like friendship and marrying.

            In the field of education, a huge generation gap also exists and it will continue to widen unless some changes are adopted at the proper time.

            The rapid emergence of digital technology, at times referred to as Information and Communication Technology (ICT), there is the need to prepare for bridging the digital gap in society.

            Potentials of ICT:

·         The new network of instantaneous communication is global, overcoming borders between countries and continents.

·         Much of what elders believe may not be applicable anymore to the new generation, especially along matters of traditional value systems.

·         Alvin Toffler’s book, Future Shock, shows how the information age has begun to create many cultural changes in the family, societies, business and government.

Given the speed and power of ICT for change, growth, innovation, it becomes critical that teachers must understand the gap that may by perceived between them and the new generation of learners. Old technologies have vanished or are quickly vanishing today.

            The complacency of educators to stick to traditional education systems and approaches become futile, if not retrogressive.

            Technology supported skills need to be taught in school today, or else schools become white elephant. If schools fail to respond to emergent changes and needs, new learners may lose appreciation of the educational system, and drop out of school, as survey shows an increasing drop-out rate every year.

Reaction: There is always a big difference with the past and of the future, speaking with the different aspects they have and the time bounded with the two. What would be the interest and like of the new generation will be not the same as of the old generation, but more likely the old ones are started to be left behind by the new ones. For you to be feel belong to the new generation you must adapt the life they have and the technologies that rising up.

                                                                           Lesson 5

Preferences of the Technology Generation

Summary

            The old generation likes may not be the same as what the new generation prefers in their life, work, and leisure.

            The states dictates educational priority based on perceptions on the country’s need strengthen its agricultural, business or industrial economy.

            In the field of education, it is important that critical differences in perceptions between old and young which create a generation gap need to be discussed.

Single and Multi-track activity patterns

            The old generation has availed of slow and single-track pattern of activities. On the other hand the new generation is exposed to quick flicking video games, mobile phone texting, socializing through the social web sites, and downloading with adeptness and task-switching speed.

Text versus Visuals

           

            The technology or digital generation has greater affinity to visuals (photos and video) compared with texts. They have been exposed since childhood in such a manner that their visual fluency or abilities have been sharpened and enhanced.

Linear versus hyper media

            The old generation has obtained information in linear, logical and sequential manner. This has made them more logical, focused, and reflective thinkers. The new generation follows a personal random access to hyperlinked digital information, less superior to elders in focus and reflection. They appear to be more easily bored and distracted during class lectures.

Independent versus social learners

            The traditional education gives priority to independent learners, prior to participative work. New learners are already acquainted with digital tools that adapt to both personal and participative work. They take the opportunity for dozens of instantaneous ways to communicate with others.

Learning to do versus learning to past the test

            Old teachers teach students in order to help them pass tests and complete the course requirement. The new digital learners simply wish to acquire skills, knowledge and habits as windows of opportunity afford them to learn.

Delayed rewards and instant gratification

            The traditional reward system in education consists in the grades, honor certificates and diplomas. On the other hand digital learners on their own experience more immediate gratification through immediate scores, enjoyable conversations, excitement e-mails, and others.

Rote memory versus fun learning

            Teachers feel obliged to delivering content-based courses, the learning of which is measurable by standard tests. Digital learners prefer fun learning which is relevant and instantaneously useful to them.

Reaction: New technologies brought more conveniently in the lives of many. It is more reliable in everything we do today. Knowledge are very easy to access, you need only one click compare to old generation of research by means of reading books in the library, but today you have your PC, and in one click you have what you looking for in a bit of seconds.

                                                                    Lesson 6

Developing Basic Digital Skills

Summary

            Teachers adjust their teaching to effectively match the new digital world of information and communication technology (ICT), they must be clear on what basic knowledge, skills and value need to be developed by digital learners.

6 Essential Skills to equip students for success in the Millennial World

1.      Solution Fluency

This refers to the capacity and creativity in solving problems.

2.      Information Fluency

a.       Ability to access information

b.      Ability to retrieve information

c.       Ability to reflect on

3.      Collaboration Fluency

This refers to teamwork with virtual or real partners in the online environment.

4.      Media Fluency

Refer to channels of mass communication or digital sources

5.      Creativity Fluency

Artistic proficiency adds meaning by way of design, art and story-telling to package a message.

6.      Digital Ethics

The digital citizens are guided by principles of leadership, global responsibility, environmental awareness        ,globalcitizenship, and personal accountability.

Higher Thinking Skills

(Bloom’s Taxonomy)

·         Creating-New Product/point of view

·         Evaluating-justify stand or position

·         Analyzing-distinguish different parts

·         Applying-use information in a new way

·         Understanding-explain ideas

·         Remembering-recall information

The Structured Problems solving-process known as 4D’s also exemplifies the instructional shift in digital learning.

·         Define the problem

·         Design the solution

·         Do the work

·         Debrief on the outcome

Reaction: We must be aware of the latest inventions and of the latest technologies that are newly to us for us not to be left behind by others and for you to feel belong to the new generation. Making ourselves aware of the different happenings here and there.  Updated with different knowledge and information in outside world. We must not let our self wait that the technology itself bite us.

                                                                        Lesson 7

Evaluation of Technology Learning

Summary

            Teachers must adopt a new mindset both for instruction and evaluation. Evaluation must be geared to assessment of essential knowledge and skills so that learners can function effectively.

            Students are expected to be not only cognitive but also flexible, analytical and creative.

4 D’s that empower students to solve problems

1.      Define

2.      Design

3.      Do

4.      Debrief

Mass Amateurization

            The changes in evaluation approach are referred to as mass amateurization, which implies a mass reach of student outputs. The personal and group creative activities in school should aim at bridging the gap between amateur creators of output to professional creators of future outcomes and products in the real world.

            Desktop Publishing software can make writing both easier as well as more exciting for learners. The internet also offers avenues for publishing creative outputs.

            Relevance and engagement shall be carried both in the learning process, as well in the evaluation schemes of new digital expressions in learning.

Reaction:Technologies were isn’t bad at all but also it brings good advantages and good life conveniences to the young learners. We cannot blame these learners for they were born in the modern world and expose to these different gadgets and technology.

                                                                       Lesson 8

Higher Thinking Skills through IT-Based Projects

Summary

            Reflective study became the student’s pleasurable and most profitable activity. It is the students themselves who demonstrate higher thinking skills and creativity through such activities searching for information, organizing and synthesizing ideas, creating presentations, and the like.

Key Elements of a Constructivist Approach

·         The teacher creating the learning environment

·         The teacher giving students to the tools and facilities

·         The teacher facilitating learning

Resource-based Projects

            The teacher steps out of the traditional role of being as content expert and information provider, and instead let the students find their own facts and information.

Ø  The teacher determines the topic for the examination of the class

Ø  The teacher presents the problem to the class

Ø  The student find information on the problem/questions

Ø  Students organize their information in response to the problem/questions.

The Inquiry-based or Discovery Approach

            The Students, individually or cooperatively with members of his group, relate gathered information to the “real world”.

            The process is given more importance than the project product.

Traditional Learning Model                        Resource-Based learning Model

-Teacher is expert and                                     -teacher is a guide and

Information provider                                                  facilitator

-Textbook is key source                                  -sources are varied

Of information

-Focus on facts information                            -focus on learning inquiry/

Is packaged in neat parcels                                         quest/discovery

-The product is the be-all                                -emphasis on process

And end-all of learning

-Assessment is quantitative                             -assessment is quantitative

                                                                                                            And qualitative

Simple Creations

            Students can also be assigned to create their software materials to supplement the need for relevant and effective materials.

3 Kinds of Skills/Abilities

            Analyzing – distinguishing similarities and differences/seeing the

project as a problem to be solved.

            Synthesizing – making spontaneous connections among ideas, thus

generating interesting or new ideas.

            Promoting – selling of new ideas to allow the public to rest the ideas

themselves.

5 Keys to develop creativity

1.      Define the task

2.      Brainstorm

3.      Judge the ideas

4.      Act

5.      Adopt flexibility

 Reaction: Young learners are more capable of doing things due to they have more advance and more knowledgeable brought by they were expose to new technologies and latest inventions and updated to the new information and knowledge.

                                                                   Lesson 9

Computers as Information and Communication Technology

Summary

            Through computer technology, educators saw the amplification of learning along computer literacy. The modern student can now interact with computer messages; the learner can form messages using computer language or program.

           

The Personal Computer (PC) as ICT

            Instructional Media consist of audio-visual aids that served to enhance and enrich the teaching-learning process.

            Educational Communication Media comprise the media of communication to audiences.

Programs installed in an ordinary modern PC

·         Microsoft Office – program for composing text, graphics, photos

·         Power-point – preparing lecture presentations

·         Excel – spreadsheets and similar graphic sheets

·         Internet Explorer –access to the internet

·         Yahoo or Google – websites, e-mail, chat rooms, blog sites

·         Adobe Reader – Graphs/photo composition and editing

·         MSN – mail/chat messaging

·         Windows Media Player – editing film/video

·         Game house – Video Games

   Reaction: The using of different applications will be a good especially in learning-teaching process, and can be more interesting and reliable source of information.

                                                                                          Lesson 10

The Computer as a Tutor

Summary

            The computer is one of the wonders of human ingenuity even in its original design in the 1950’s to carry out complicated mathematical and logical operations.

            Computer becomes affordable to small business, industries and homes.

Computer-assisted instruction (CAI)

            The computer can be a tutor in effect relieving the teacher of many activities in his/her personal role as classroom tutor. The computer cannot totally replace the teacher since the teacher shall continue to play the major roles of information deliverer and learning environment controller.

The teacher must:

·         Insure the students have the needed knowledge and skills for any computer activity.

·         Decide the appropriate learning objectives

·         Plan the sequential and structured activities to achieve objectives

·         Evaluate the students’ achievement

·         Receive information

·         Understand instructions for the computer activity

·         Retain/keep in mind the information and rules during the process of computer learning

·         Apply the knowledge and rules

The computer role as:

·         Act as a sort of tutor

·         Provides a learning environment

·         Delivers learning instruction

·         Reinforce learning through drill-and-practice

·         Provides feedback

CAI Integrated with lessons

            Reinforces learning through repetitive exercises such that students can practice basic skills or knowledge on various subject areas.

How can a teacher integrate drill and practice programs:

·         Use drill and practice programs for basic skills and knowledge

·         Ensure that drill and practice activities conform to the lesson plan

·         Limit drill and practice

·         Use drill and practice to assist students

Simulating programs

·         Teaches strategies and rules applied to real-life problems/situations

·         Ask students to make decisions on models or scenarios

·         Allows students to manipulate elements of a model

Instructional gamess

            Instructional computer games add the elements of competition and challenge.

Problem Solving Software

            Allow the students to learn to improve on their problem solving ability. Problems cannot be solved simply by memorizing facts, the students have to employ higher thinking skills.

Multimedia Encyclopedia and Electronic Books

            Multimedia Encyclopedia can store a huge database with text, images, animation, audio and video.

            Electronic Books provide textual information for reading supplemented by other types of multimedia information.

Reaction: It is easier and convenient to teach and to get knowledge with the help of this computer. All you wanted to know and to see can be access more with the use of the computer. You don’t need to go to see for the library and search. But with the computer, just one click and a bit of second you have the things you were looking for.

            It is easy for you to receive and send messages to far distances without hassles.

                                                                     Lesson 11

The Computer as the Teacher’s Tool

Summary

            Constructivism (Piaget, 1981) and (Bruner, 1990) gave stress to Knowledge discovery of new meaning in the learning process. To apply discovered knowledge to new situations, a process in making their knowledge applicable to real life situations.

            Social Constructivism is an effort to show that the construction of knowledge is governed by social, historical, and cultural context.

The Computer’s Capabilities

            The computer can provide access to information, foster to creative social knowledge-building, and enhance the communication of the achieved project package.

The teacher can employ the computer as:

·         An information tool

The computer can provide vast amounts of information in various forms.

·         A communication tool

The computer can very well be the key tool for video

Teleconferencing sessions

·         A constructive tool

The computer itself can be used for manipulating information.

·         A co-constructive tool

Tools to work cooperatively and construct a shared understanding of new knowledge.

·         As situating tool

The computer can create 3-D images on display to give the

user the feeling that are situated in a virtual environment.

 Reaction: Less hassles in getting and sharing the knowledge and facts. The teachers can rest for a while during class discussion which uses multimedia presentation.

            This will be a big burden to those who are living far behind of the civilizations, to those who haven’t reach by electricity; this is only applicable to urban areas and not of living in the rural areas.

     Lesson 12

Information Technology in Support of Student-Centered Learning

Summary

            Educational educators such as John Dewey argued for a highly active and individualized pedagogical methods which place the student at the center of the teaching-learning process.

The traditional Classroom

            This situation is necessitated by the need to maintain classroom discipline and also to allow the teacher to control classroom activities through lecture presentation and teacher-led discussions.

The SCL Classroom

            This learning approach is generally known as direct instruction, and it has worked well for obtaining many kinds of learning outcomes. The traditional classroom and direct instruction approach to learning conform to this kind of economies.

            We find knowledge based economies in which workers depend on information that can be accessed through information and communication technologies.

Reaction: It is good to be updated in the latest happenings around the globe, more knowledge more arguing and more debate and crushing of knowledge and opinions. This is more likely developing the critical minds of the leaners of the different issues and problems the world facing.

            But the fact that the role of a teacher is quietly decreasing because of these technologies we have.

            We will be exposed and updated of the happenings outside our countries; we are updated of the different knowledge and information of the third world.

Lesson 13

Cooperative Learning with the Computer

Summary

            Cooperative or Collaborative learning is learning by small groups of students who work together in a common learning task. It is often called group learning.

5 Elements of Cooperative Learning

1.      A common goal

2.      Interdependence

3.      Interaction

4.      Individual accountability

5.      Social skills

Advantages of Cooperative Learning

1.      Encourages active learning, while motivating students

2.      Increases academic performance

3.      Promotes literacy and language skills

4.      Improves teacher effectiveness

Cooperative learning and Computer

            The study shows that when students work with computers in groups they cluster and interact with each other for advice and mutual help.

            Researchers agree that computer is a fairly natural learning vehicle for cooperative (at times called Primitive) learning.

Components of Cooperative Learning

·         Assigning students to mixed-ability teams

·         Establishing positive interdependence

·         Teaching cooperative social skills

·         Insuring individual accountability

·         Helping groups process information

 Reaction: A lot of children are fond of facing the computer the whole day, busy ticking and clicking to the information they wanted and to the things they wanted to know, it is good that they learning by their own selves. But the fact that over exposure to this technologies can also lead to negative effects in our mind and of our health condition.

            We must put and set limitations in using these different gadgets and technologies. Because we never know what would be the effect of this to our life style.

Lesson 14

The Software as an Educational Resource

Summary

            The Computer machine or hardware is naturally an attention-getter. The computer hardware can hardly be useful without the program or system that tells what the computer machine should do. This is called the software.

2 kinds of Software

1.      The Systems Software

The Operating system that is found or bundled inside all computer machines.

2.      The Applications Software

Contains the system that commands the particular task or solve a particular problem.

                        Applications software may be:

a.       A custom software that is made for specific tasks often by large corporations, or

b.      Commercial software packaged for personal computers that helps with a variety of tasks.

Microsoft Windows

            Referred as a program, Microsoft windows or windows for short are an operating environment between the user and the computer operating system.

            Windows uses a colorful graphics interface called GUI – pronounced “gooey” that can be seen on the computer screen or monitor whenever the computer is turned on.

            Microsoft Windows is in itself a self-contained operating system which provides:

Ø  User convenience

Ø  A new look

Ø  Information center

Ø  Plug and Play

Instructional Software

            It can be visited on the internet or can be bought from software shops or dealer. The teacher through his school should decide on the best computer-based instructional (CBI) materials for the school resource collection.

Guidelines in Evaluating Computer-Based Educational Materials

·         Be extremely cautious in using CBI’s and free Internet materials.

·         Don’t be caught up by attractive graphics, sound, animation, pictures, video clips and music.

·         Teachers must evaluate these resources using sound pedagogical principles.

·         Among design and content elements to evaluate are: text legibility, color schemes, layout and design, and easy navigation.

·         Observe clarity in the explanations and illustrations of concepts and principles.

·         Maintain accuracy, coherence, logic of information.

·         Are they current since data/statistics continually change

·         Are they relevant and effective in attaining learning objectives

·         Observe absence of biased materials.

Reaction: We can a lot of things in computer especially in an internet, but we also can learn bad things in the computer. In order for it to be educational, almost of the learners today is using internet as the access to the knowledge and information they needed to school.

            Sometimes there are these sites in network that is not good in part of the learner. These things sometimes can lead to an appropriate behavior and sometimes doing crimes.

Lesson 15

Understanding Hypermedia

Summary

Hypermedia in nothing but multimedia, but as an educational computer software where information is presented and student activities are integrated in a virtual learning environment.

Educational IT Applications are Hypermedia and these include:

·         Tutorial software packages

·         Knowledge webpages

·         Simulation instructional games

·         Learning project management

Characteristics of Hypermedia applications

1.      Learner Control

The learner makes his own decisions on the path, flow or events of instruction.

2.      Learner wide range of navigation routes

The learner controls the sequence and pace of his path depending on his/her ability and motivation. He/she has the opinion to repeat and change speed, if desired.

3.      Variety of Media

Hypermedia includes more than one media but does necessarily use all types of media in one presentation. It is important that the teacher optimize the learning process by identifying the characteristics of media application.

In the use of hypermedia the following instructional events will prove useful to the teacher:

·         Get the learners’ attention

·         Recall prior learning

·         Inform learners of lesson objectives

·         Introduce the software and its distinctive features

·         Guide learning, eliciting performance

·         Provide learning feedback

·         Assess performance

·         Enhance retention and learning transfer

    

      Reaction: It is good that in learning and of teaching young learners they seek more interest and entertainment. These would be a great help in making them understand and equipped the knowledge and information they needed.

            Learners are more behaving, focused directly to what they are seeing and hear.

Lesson 16

The Internet and Education

Summary

            The largest and the far-flung network system-of-all-times. The internet is not really a network but a loosely organized collection of about 25,000 networks accessed by computers on the planet.

            Internet is done through a standardized protocol called Transmission Control Protocol/internet Protocol (TCP/IP).

            To gain access to the internet, the computer must be equipped with what is called a Server that uses the internet protocol.

Getting around the Net

            The most attractive way to move around the Internet called Browsing. Using a program called a browser, the user can use a mouse to point and click on screen icons to surf the internet particularly the World Wide Web (The Web).

            Many experts predict that the internet is destined to become the centerpiece of all online communications on the planet and in some future time in the solar system using interplanetary satellite communication stations.

A view of educational uses of the Internet

            Educational software materials have also developed both in sophistical and appeal. But the real possibility today is connecting with the world outside homes, classrooms, and Internet cafes. Schools today are gearing up to take advantage of internet access.

Reaction; Computer are used not only for entertainment purposes but of in educational way. We use computer in school for us to link in the outside world and for us to be aware of the happenings and to equipped knowledge we needed to our daily living.

Lesson 17

Educational Technology 2 Practicum

Summary

            The practicum phase consists of hands-on computer tutorials which the student teacher or professional teacher-trainee will need to make him/her capable.

The Essential requirement for the ET 2 practicum phase:

·         A computer laboratory /special computer classroom with adequate sets of computers for hands-on tutorial learning.

·         Participation of computer lab tutor/assistant

·         Assigned number of hours in conformity with the course requirement.

1.      Basic Microsoft Word

a.       Microsoft word means and toolbars

b.      Creating, formatting, editing and saving documents

c.       Assigning page layouts

d.      Inserting tabs and tables

e.       Printing

2.      Microsoft PowerPoint

a.       PowerPoint fundamentals

b.      Enhancement of PowerPoint presentations

c.       Using templates and masters

d.      Presenting and printing

3.      Internet as tool of inquiry

a.       Accessing the Internet

b.      Use of Internet tools

c.       Search techniques

 Reaction: As a teacher it is our obligation to seek for new knowledge so that we have something new to share with the learner, this is one way that computer would be  of great help in seeking new knowledge and information.

Lesson 18

Tables for Textbooks in schools

Summary

            Books are still the primary medium of instruction in most schools. The disadvantages in using books are being debated.

            Technology is being viewed as a savior. The computer screen can very well serve as a powerful educational medium.

            Classroom Instructions which rides the vehicle of gaming admittedly makes learning more effective and more fun.

            The effectiveness of books print also wanes in comparison with the visual images school children have more become used to after the advent of televisions, video and computer games.

Laptop                                                                        iPod/Table

-Portable with hardware included                 -small, portable, and light

project.                                                -Full control of a screen and application

-full keyboard for easy, accurate                   -touch screen with stylus or fingers

Encoding                                             -can store all your music, photos and videos

-full screen for viewing, browsing                 -built-in flash camera

  Enjoying entertainment content        -built-in eReader to read books durable  

 -heavy weight                                                            but touch screen can scratch,   damage   screen display

Tablets for schools

           Use of tablets in public schools in the country may be difficult considering factors:

a.       Cost of one tablet for one student is not within the budget capability or beyond capability of the government.

b.      Books have more durability compared with electronic gadgets

c.       Technical expertise for the learning software is not widely available.

 Reaction: We find difficulty in producing and promoting tablets in teaching and learning process.

First thing that we should be aware of is the condition and economic status of every individual. Second is the budget needed to buy tablets. Third, may be the politicians.